C syllabus

Introduction to C
Overview of C language
History and importance of C
Setting up the development environment (IDE, compiler)
Basic Syntax and Structure
Structure of a C program
Writing your first C program
Compilation and execution process
Variables and Data Types
Variables and constants
Data types in C (int, float, char, etc.)
Type conversion and casting
Operators
Arithmetic operators
Relational operators
Logical operators
Input and Output
printf() and scanf() functions
Formatting input and output
Control Structures
Conditional statements (if, if-else, nested if)
Switch-case statements
Loops
Introduction to loops (for, while, do-while)
Nested loops
Functions
Defining and calling functions
Function declaration and definition
Function arguments and return values
Arrays
Introduction to arrays
Single-dimensional arrays
Array initialization and access
Strings
Introduction to strings
String manipulation functions (strlen, strcpy, strcat, strcmp)
Pointers
Introduction to pointers
Pointer arithmetic
Pointers and arrays
Pointers to pointers
Pointers
Introduction to pointers
Pointer arithmetic
Pointers and arrays
Pointers to pointers
Pointers and Functions
Passing pointers to functions
Returning pointers from functions
Structures, Union and Enumerations
Defining and using structures
Array of structures
Introduction to unions
Introduction to enumerations
File I/o
Introduction to file handling
Opening
closing
reading

C++ syllabus

Introduction to C++
Overview of C++ language
History and evolution of C++
Setting up the development environment (IDE, compiler)
Basic Syntax and Structure
Structure of a C++ program
Writing your first C++ program
Compilation and execution process
Variables and Data Types
Variables and constants
Data types in C++ (int, float, char, etc.), Type conversion and casting
Operators
Arithmetic operators
Relational operators
Assignment operators
Bitwise operators
Input and Output
cout and cin
Formatting input and output
Control Structures
Conditional statements (if, if-else, nested if)
Switch-case statements
Loops
Introduction to loops (for, while, do-while)
Nested loops
Functions
Defining and calling functions
Function declaration and definition
Function arguments and return values
Function overloading
Arrays
Introduction to arrays
Single-dimensional arrays
initialization and access
Multidimensional Arrays
Two-dimensional arrays
Initialization and access of 2D arrays
Strings
Introduction to strings
String manipulation functions
Pointers
Introduction to pointers
Pointer arithmetic
Pointers and arrays
Pointers to pointers
Object-Oriented Programming
Introduction to OOP
Basics of Object-Oriented Programming
Classes and objects
Defining and using classes
Constructors and Destructors
Constructors
Destructors
Constructor overloading
Inheritance
Basics of inheritance
Types of inheritance (single, multiple, multilevel, hierarchical, hybrid)
Using protected and private access specifiers
Polymorphism
Function overloading
Operator overloading
Introduction to polymorphism
Encapsulation and Abstraction
Encapsulation
Data hiding
Abstraction
Exception Handling
Introduction to exception handling
try, catch and throw keywords
Creating custom exceptions
File I/o
Introduction to exception handling try
catch and throw keywords Creating custom exceptions

Interview Questions

BTI-Students

C Programming

C is a general-purpose, procedural programming language that supports structured programming. It was developed by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs in the early 1970s and has since become one of the most widely used programming languages.

  • Simple and efficient
  • Low-level access to memory
  • Rich set of built-in operators and functions
  • Portability
  • Extensibility
  • Structured programming language

  • printf is used for output, to print data to the standard output (usually the screen).
  • scanf is used for input, to read data from the standard input (usually the keyboard).

  • int (integer).
  • char (character)
  • float (floating-point number)
  • double (double-precision floating-point number)

  • can store both negative and positive values.
  • unsigned int can only store positive values, effectively doubling the positive range compared to int.

  • while loop checks the condition before executing the loop body.
  • do-while loop executes the loop body at least once before checking the condition.

  • switch is used for selecting one of many blocks of code to be executed based on the value of a variable.
  • if-else is used for conditional branching, checking multiple conditions one by one.

  • A function declaration specifies the function's name, return type, and parameters, without the body.
  • A function definition includes the actual body of the function, containing the code to be executed.

    • Recursion is a programming technique where a function calls itself directly or indirectly to solve a problem. A base condition is needed to stop the recursive calls and prevent infinite loops.

    A pointer is a variable that stores the memory address of another variable. Pointers are used for dynamic memory allocation, array manipulation, and function arguments.

    C++ Programming

  • C: Procedural programming language. Does not support OOP (Object-Oriented Programming).
  • C++: Multi-paradigm language (supports procedural, object-oriented, and generic programming). Adds classes, inheritance, polymorphism, encapsulation, and more.

    • The scope resolution operator :: is used to define the scope of a variable, function, or member outside of its class or namespace.

  • Class: Blueprint for creating objects. Defines properties and behaviors.
  • Object: Instance of a class. Represents a real-world entity.

  • Public: Members are accessible from outside the class.
  • Private: Members are accessible only within the class.
  • Protected: Members are accessible within the class and by derived class.

    • A virtual function is a function declared in a base class that can be overridden in a derived class. It enables runtime polymorphism.

    An abstract class is a class that cannot be instantiated and contains at least one pure virtual function.

    A copy constructor initializes a new object as a copy of an existing object. It is used when objects are passed by value.

    A destructor is a member function that is invoked when an object is destroyed. It has the same name as the class prefixed with a tilde (~).

  • new: Allocates memory and calls the constructor. Returns a pointer of the correct type.
  • malloc: Allocates memory but does not call the constructor. Returns a void pointer.

  • delete: Deallocates memory and calls the destructor. Used with new.
  • free: Deallocates memory but does not call the destructor. Used with malloc.

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