Java syllabus

== is used to compare references (memory addresses) of objects or primitive values. equals() is a method used to compare the contents or values of objects for equality.

Abstract class:

Can have abstract methods (methods without implementation). Can have concrete methods (methods with implementation). Cannot be instantiated.

Interface:

Can only have abstract methods (methods without implementation). Cannot have concrete methods (until Java 8, where default methods were introduced). Can be implemented by classes.

Java provides four access modifiers: public, protected, default (no modifier, package-private), and private.

final:

Keyword used to declare constants, prevent method overriding, or prevent inheritance.

finally:

Block used in exception handling to execute code that should always run, whether an exception is thrown or not.

finalize():

Method called by the garbage collector on an object before it is garbage collected, allowing the object to do cleanup.

static keyword is used to create fields and methods that belong to the class rather than instances of the class. It can be applied to variables, methods, blocks, and nested classes.

Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism, Abstraction.

Method overloading:

Having multiple methods in the same class with the same name but different parameters.

Method overriding:

Defining a method in a subclass that has the same signature (name, parameters) as a method in its superclass, providing specific implementation

Inheritance allows one class (subclass/child class) to inherit the properties and behaviors (methods and fields) of another class (superclass/parent class).

Exception handling is the mechanism to handle runtime errors (exceptions) that occur during the execution of a program.